Medical Biochemistry – part I

I. Biopolymers and enzymes 3 Proteins structure 3 Nucleotides and nucleic acids (NAs) 7 Vitamins 13 3.1 Water-soluble vitamins 14 3.2 Fat-soluble vitamins 20 Enzymes 26 Enzyme kinetics 32 Regulation of enzyme activity 38 Clinical significance of enzymes 45 II. Bioenergetics 47 High-energy compounds and process coupling 47 Metabolism 51 Redox systems 52 Oxidative phosphorylation at the substrate level 55 Respiratory chain 59 Free oxidation 61 Tricarboxylic acid cycle 65 III. Carbohydrates metabolism 71 Gycolysis 71 Gluconeogenesis 74 Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) 78 Metabolism of fructose 80 Metabolism of galactose 81 Glycogen metabolism 82 Characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism in different tissues and organs 86 IV. Lipids metabolism 91 Lipoprotein complexes 91 Cholesterol 94 Bile acids 97 Metabolism of triacylglycerols 98 Fatty acids 100 5.1 β-oxidation of fatty acids 100 5.2 Oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms 102 5.3 Fatty acid synthesis 103 5.4 Essential fatty acids 106 Eicosanoids 108 Ketone bodies 110 Complex lipids 112 8.1 Phospholipids 112 8.2 Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids) 114 Lipids metabolism disorders 116 9.1 Atherosclerosis 116 9.2 Obesity 118 9.3 Fatty liver (Steatosis) 119 V. Amino acids metabolism 122 General reactions of amino acid degradation 123 Detoxification of ammonia 126 Metabolism of one-carbon units 130 Catabolism of amino acids 132 Amino acid synthesis 134 Formation of biologically active products from amino acids 136 VI. Nucleotides metabolism 142 Purine nucleotides 142 Pyrimidine nucleotides 146 VII. Iron metabolism 150 VIII. Porphyrins metabolism 154 Biosynthesis of porphyrins 154 Hemoglobin degradation 157 Bilirubin metabolism 158 Jaundice 159 IX. Principles of intercellular communication and signal transduction 162 Application 1 167 Bibliography 175…